Adequate cardiovascular and lymphatic circulation is key for all matters of well-being, including heart health, wound healing, fluid balance and muscle recovery after a workout. To address circulation issues, the advent of compression therapy began as early as 1950 with the invention of compression socks by German engineer and varicose vein sufferer Conrad Jobst. Today, the use of compression gear in the form of boots, leggings, sleeves, bandages, wraps and suits is surging in athletics, as well as physical therapy. In medical settings, the Cleveland Clinic recommends the use of compression bandages, stockings and inflatable wraps to treat swelling and pain in patients experiencing the poor circulation that is often associated with conditions ranging from pregnancy to diabetes and congestive heart failure.

According to market research company SNS Insider, the global compression therapy market—driven not only by athletic demand but also by the rising occurrence of diabetes, lymphedema, varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis in an aging population—is predicted to expand to $7.86 billion by 2032.

Lymphedema and Diabetic Swelling

The lymphatic system is a network of organs, vessels and tissues that work in conjunction with the circulatory system to maintain healthy fluid levels, filter out waste products and abnormal cells, help the body absorb fats and support the immune system. “It is like the body’s waste-water treatment system,” explains Brittany Curwen, a certified lymphedema therapist and registered occupational therapist at Therapy Achievements, in Decatur, Alabama. “Compression helps keep the right amount of pressure on the blood vessels to make sure the valves inside the veins work in one direction, so blood and lymphatic fluid gets where it needs to go.” 

Inflammatory response is normal during the healing process, but when the lymph vessels are unable to drain, lymph fluid in an arm, leg or other body part may cause painful swelling called lymphedema. This condition is commonly caused by cancer, radiation treatments, surgery and, in developing countries, parasites. “After surgery, a light elastic compression garment worn during the daytime hours can help [treat lymphedema]. For someone without a history of lymphedema, a garment that applies 10 to 15 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) of pressure can help. These are often found at drugstores or online,” says Curwen, noting that such garments can be worn for several weeks during waking hours until the swelling subsides and normal activity is resumed. “For someone with more severe swelling, a medical-grade garment is essential to prevent the lymphedema from progressing and causing changes in the skin texture. A medical-grade garment should be prescribed by a physician.”

Swelling is a common occurrence when diabetes is accompanied by other diseases that impact circulation, such as cardiovascular disease or kidney disease, which can promote pooling of fluid in the legs and feet. A 2023 meta-review published in International Wound Journal found sustained graduated compression to be useful in healing diabetic-related leg sores from pooled blood.

Active Lifestyles

While hitting the gym or going for a long hike does a body good, most people want to avoid post-workout discomfort, and that is where compression clothing can help. By applying pressure to specific body parts, this clothing improves circulation and ultimately supports muscle recovery. “After intense physical activity, lactic acid is produced as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration, which occurs when your muscles need more energy than your body can supply through oxygen alone,” explains Tabitha Eaves, owner of Rise Up Wellness, in Bloomfield, Michigan. “Lactic acid buildup can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness during and after exercise. The recovery process involves the body clearing out this lactic acid and other metabolic waste products, which helps to reduce muscle soreness, inflammation and swelling, speeding up the overall recovery time.”

A 2021 study published in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation involving mostly endurance athletes—predominately runners—reported that compression garments were worn on their lower extremities to prevent injury or reduce symptoms of a current injury, and users perceived a faster post-exercise recovery (more than 80 percent), as well as improved sports performance (more than 70 percent).

Eaves specializes in Normatec compression therapy, which uses air to apply pressure to a body part, thereby mimicking a natural muscle-pump action. She suggests that this type of pneumatic compression typically can be used three to four times a week. Some athletes employ it daily, especially during periods of intense training. She adds, “Post-therapy, most users report feeling relaxed, with some experiencing a slight tingling sensation as circulation increases.”

While compression therapy is generally safe for most people, Curwen cautions anyone with peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease or unmanaged high blood pressure to obtain a physician’s approval before using compression therapy or compression garments.

Maya Whitman is a regular contributor to Natural Awakenings.

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